Defensive minoritarianism: support for democracy among Lebanese Christians

When does religion promote anti-democratic attitudes in the Middle East? A sizeable sub-literature assesses attitudes towards democracy among Muslims in the region, but less attention has been given to the attitudes of minority religious group members. Using data from original survey experiments con...

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Bibliographic Details
Authors: Hoffman, Michael A. 1944-1990 (Author) ; Bagdanov, Hannah E. (Author)
Format: Electronic Article
Language:English
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Published: Routledge [2020]
In: Religion, state & society
Year: 2020, Volume: 48, Issue: 5, Pages: 378-397
Standardized Subjects / Keyword chains:B Lebanon / Christian / Political attitude / Democracy / Support
RelBib Classification:CG Christianity and Politics
CH Christianity and Society
KBL Near East and North Africa
Further subjects:B Lebanon
B Political attitudes
B Religion
B Minority groups
Online Access: Volltext (Resolving-System)

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520 |a When does religion promote anti-democratic attitudes in the Middle East? A sizeable sub-literature assesses attitudes towards democracy among Muslims in the region, but less attention has been given to the attitudes of minority religious group members. Using data from original survey experiments conducted in Lebanon in 2014 and 2018, we test the effects of religious and political primes on attitudes towards democracy among different sectarian groups in Lebanon, with a particular focus on the attitudes of Lebanese Christians. We find that when presented with primes that frame democracy in majoritarian terms, support for democracy among Christians in the treatment group is dramatically lower than Sunni and Shi’a Muslims in the treatment group, and substantially lower than levels of support among Christians in the control group. For Christians, informing respondents of the potentially majoritarian features of democracy highlights the threats that democracy may pose to their relatively small, and likely shrinking, religious group. We argue that this reflects a posture of defensive minoritarianism, in which minority groups instrumentally adopt particular positions in order to maintain institutionalised protections and/or political dominance. These findings shed light on the enduring importance of religious identity in Lebanon in the context of immense social and political change. 
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