Le rôle du kafīl (garant) dans la gouvernance locale selon les contrats d’affermage fiscal à Tripoli au XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle
This article explores the legal institution of kafāla/kefalet (bondsmanship; surety) and its role in shaping local communal government in Syria in the Ottoman period. Drawing on the shar‘īya court registers of Tripoli (in addition to those of Sayda and Antioch as well as the Başbakanlık archives), i...
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Electronic Article |
| Language: | French |
| Check availability: | HBZ Gateway |
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| Published: |
Brill
2016
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| In: |
Islamic law and society
Year: 2016, Volume: 23, Issue: 4, Pages: 392-409 |
| Further subjects: | B
Ottoman Syria
B Syrie B Empire ottoman B court records B Tripoli B archives ottomanes B Tribunal B Ḥanafī |
| Online Access: |
Volltext (JSTOR) Volltext (lizenzpflichtig) Volltext (lizenzpflichtig) |
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| 520 | |a This article explores the legal institution of kafāla/kefalet (bondsmanship; surety) and its role in shaping local communal government in Syria in the Ottoman period. Drawing on the shar‘īya court registers of Tripoli (in addition to those of Sayda and Antioch as well as the Başbakanlık archives), it shows how iltizām tax-farming contracts in the 18th century increasingly required a pecuniary guarantee for their discharge to be posted by a third party, an act specific to Ḥanafī jurisprudence but not practised uniformly throughout the region. Whereas in some places the kafāla amounted to little more than a pledge of mutual accountability, or was imposed on a community against its will, it could also be used by foreign merchants or local notables to secure the rights to a given district’s commercial produce in advance. By “investing” in revenue collection concessions, the article concludes, both the southern Lebanese Shihābī emirs and the Maronite village population used the kafāla to acquire a direct financial and ultimately political stake in the rural hinterland of Tripoli, before dispensing once more with the idea of mutual or corporative responsibility once all of the province’s tax farms passed under complete Shihābī control in 1763. Cet article traite de l'institution juridique de kafāla / kefalet (cautionnement) et de son rôle dans la gouvernance communautaire locale en Syrie à l’époque ottomane. S'appuyant sur les registres de tribunal shar‘īya de Tripoli (en plus de ceux de Sayda et d'Antioche, ainsi que sur des documents d’archives Başbakanlık), il tâche à montrer comment les contrats de ferme fiscale iltizām du XVIIIe siècle exigèrent de plus en plus qu’une tierce personne se porte garant pour leur acquittement, un acte spécifique à l’école de jurisprudence ḥanafī mais pas appliqué de façon uniforme à travers la région. Alors que la kafāla ne constitua guère plus qu’une promesse de responsabilité collective dans certains cas, ou qu’elle fut imposée à une communauté particulière contre son gré dans d’autres, elle pouvait également servir à des marchands étrangers ou à des notables locaux pour s’assurer les droits sur la production agricole d’un certain district à l’avance. En « investissant » dans de contrats de perception d’impôt d’autrui, cet article propose en conclusion, les émirs Shihābī du Liban-Sud tout comme la population villageoise maronite ont pu utiliser la kafāla pour acquérir une participation financière directe ainsi qu’un droit de regard politique sur l’hinterland rural de Tripoli, avant d’abandonner de nouveau le principe de responsabilité mutuelle ou corporative une fois que toutes les fermes fiscales de la province furent passé sous le contrôle complet des Shihābī en 1763. | ||
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