Caesar's Coin: Federal Funds, Civil Rights, and Churches
Today, freedom and equality often seem in conflict. The planned Nazi March through Skokie and laws banning books which sexually exploit women are but two examples. This conflict is all the more troubling when equality and religious freedom collide, given their mutual and long-standing support. That...
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| Format: | Electronic Article |
| Language: | English |
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| Published: |
Cambridge Univ. Press
1991
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| In: |
Journal of law and religion
Year: 1991, Volume: 9, Issue: 1, Pages: 193-210 |
| Online Access: |
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| 520 | |a Today, freedom and equality often seem in conflict. The planned Nazi March through Skokie and laws banning books which sexually exploit women are but two examples. This conflict is all the more troubling when equality and religious freedom collide, given their mutual and long-standing support. That dilemma is plainly raised by the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988.Congress passed the Act to overturn Grove City College v. Bell. The Supreme Court in that case had narrowed Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, forbidding sex discrimination in education programs receiving Federal funds, to cover only that part of a recipient's program which actually received the assistance. Fearing this construction would limit other civil rights statutes as well, Congress adopted the Act which, in defining "program" broadly, placed most fund recipients in their entirety within the commands of Title IX and of the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit age and disability discrimination respectively, and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination by reason of race, color, or national origin.Hence, Congress passed the Act to promote equality, but at the expense of religious freedom, since, aware that the Act would apply also to churches, Congress refused, nonetheless, to exclude them from its recipient-wide coverage. Whether the balance thus struck is constitutional frames the issue this essay will attempt to address. | ||
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