Summary: | Drawing on the sermons of the eighteenth century Anglican Bishop and moral philosopher Joseph Butler, this essay considers the way self-deception affects the religious perceptions of individuals and groups. Butler's sermons suggest that self-deception and hypocrisy are pervasive, especially in the moral and religious evaluations of our conduct. I argue that Butler's emphasis on the human propensity to self-deceptive distortion of religion reflects its centrality to the prophetic tradition shared by Christianity and Judaism. Following Butler and the prophets, this essay argues that religious adherents need to maintain a skeptical eye not only toward their own religious self-evaluations, but also toward those of their leaders, taking special care to seek the prophetic, critical voices of outsiders.
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